Because the K2 is prone to frequent and violent storms that make the already dangerous climbing conditions on its slopes even more difficult – and make it harder for people to operate at such high altitudes – it is one of the most difficult mountains to climb in the world. The number of people who have reached the summit is only a small fraction compared to the number of people who have managed to climb Mount Everest. Although there were fewer deaths on K2 compared to those on Mount Everest, the proportion of people killed in the number of people who tried to climb K2 is significantly higher. Since 75% of the people who climb the K2 use the Abruzzo trail, these listed routes are rarely climbed. No one climbed the east side of the mountain due to the instability of the snow and ice formations on that side. [106] In addition to the east face, the north face has not yet been climbed. In 2007, Denis Urubko and Sergey Samoilov intended to climb the north face of K2, but were hampered by the increasing deterioration of conditions. After realizing that their planned route was threatened by the increasing avalanche danger, they crossed the normal north ridge route and reached the summit on October 2, 2007, making the last ascent of the summit in the history of the summer season. [107] The name K2 does not have a specific full form. It is the second peak of the Karakoram Range.
The summit was originally called Mt. Godwin Austen. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of 115 to 120 million years obtained from the K2 gneiss and geochemical analyses of the K2 gneiss show that it is a metamorphosed granite, older, Cretaceous, pre-collisional. The granite precursor (protolite) of gneite K2 was formed as a result of the production of large magmatic bodies through a northward sloping subduction zone along the continental margin of Asia and its penetration as batholites into its lower continental crust. In the initial collision of the Asian and Indian plates, this granite batholite was buried at depths of about 20 kilometers (12 miles) or more, heavily metamorphosed, severely deformed, and partially remelted into gneiss during the Eocene. Later, the K2 gneiss was then penetrated by leucogranite dikes and finally exhumed and exhumed along large rupture thrust disturbances during the post-Miocene period and raised. The K2 gneiss was exposed when the entire K2 Broad Peak Gasherbrum range experienced a rapid increase that erosion rates could not keep up. [33] [36] The standard ascent route, which is used much more than any other route (75% of all climbers use this route), is the Abruzzo Trail,[101][102] on the Pakistani side, which was first attempted in 1909 by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of Abruzzo. This is the southeastern ridge of the summit, which rises above the Godwin-Austen Glacier. The actual spur begins at an elevation of 5,400 meters (17,700 feet), where the forward base camp is usually located. The route follows an alternating series of rocky veins, snow/ice fields and technical climbing on two famous features, the „Chimney of the House” and the „Black Pyramid”. Above the Black Pyramid, dangerously exposed and difficult to drive slopes lead to the clearly visible „shoulder” and from there to the top.
The last major obstacle is a narrow corridor known as the „bottleneck,” which brings climbers dangerously close to a wall of seracs that form an ice cliff east of the summit. It was partly because of the collapse of one of these seracs around 2001 that no climber climbed the summit in 2002 and 2003. [103] Acclimatization is essential when climbing without oxygen to avoid a certain level of altitude sickness. [116] The summit of K2 is well above the altitude at which high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can occur. [117] When mountaineering at an altitude of 8,000 meters (26,000 feet), the mountaineer enters the so-called death zone. [Citation needed] There are a number of routes on K2 that have a slightly different character, but they all share some main difficulties, the first being the extremely high altitude and the resulting lack of oxygen: at the top of K2, a climber has only a third of the oxygen available only at sea level. [99] The second is the mountain`s tendency to experience extreme multi-day storms, which resulted in many deaths at the summit. The third is the steep, exposed and dedicated nature of all mountain routes, which makes it difficult to retreat, especially during a storm. Despite many attempts, the first successful winter ascents did not take place until 2021. All important climbing routes are on the Pakistani side. [Citation needed] The base camp is also located on the Pakistani side.
[100] Lyrics of k2 — Discover a wide range of lyrics listed by k2 on the Lyrics.com website. The policy of the Great Trigonometrical Survey was to use local names for mountains whenever possible[a] and K1 was known locally as Masherbrum. However, K2 did not seem to have received a local name, perhaps due to its remoteness. The mountain is not visible from Askole, the last village in the south, or from the nearest settlement in the north, and is only seen fleetingly from the end of the Baltoro glacier, on which few inhabitants would have ventured. [19] The name Chogori, derived from two words balti, chhogo („great”) and ri („mountain”) (چھوغوری)[20], has been proposed as a local name,[21] but evidence of its widespread use is scarce. It could be a compound name coined by Western explorers[22] or simply a confusing answer to the question „What is it called?” [19] However, it forms the basis of the name Qogir (simplified Chinese: 乔戈里峰; traditional Chinese: 喬戈里峰; Pinyin: Qiáogēlǐ Fēng), with which the Chinese authorities officially refer to the summit. Other local names have been suggested, including Lamba Pahar („High Mountain” in Urdu) and Dapsang, but are not widely used. [19] The first woman to climb K2 was Polish mountaineer Wanda Rutkiewicz on June 23, 1986. Liliane and Maurice Barrard, who had reached their summit later that day, fell during the descent; The body of Liliane Barrard was found at the foot of the south wall on July 19, 1986. [56] For most of its climbing history, K2 was generally not climbed with extra oxygen, and small, relatively light teams were the norm. [101] [102] During the 2004 season, however, oxygen consumption increased sharply: 28 of the 47 summit participants used oxygen that year.
[103] In addition to the original Japanese ascent, a notable ascent of the North Ridge was that of 1990 by Greg Child, Greg Mortimer and Steve Swenson, conducted above Camp 2 in alpine style, although fixed ropes were used that had already been set up by a Japanese team. [105] The name K2 is derived from the notation used by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of British India. Thomas Montgomerie made the first survey of Karakoram from Mount Haramukh, about 130 miles (210 km) to the south, and described the two most important peaks, designating them as K1 and K2, where the K stands for Karakoram. [18] Another notable Japanese ascent was that of the difficult north ridge on the Chinese side of the summit in 1982. A team from the Japan Mountaineering Association [yes] led by Isao Shinkai and Masatsugo Konishi [yes] put three members, Naoe Sakashita, Hiroshi Yoshino and Yukihiro Yanagisawa, at the summit on August 14. However, Yanagisawa fell and died on the way downhill. Four other team members reached the top the next day. [54] Almost opposite the Abruzzo Spur is the northern ridge,[101][102] which climbs on the Chinese side of the summit.
It is rarely climbed, in part because of the very difficult access where the Shaksgam River is crossed, which is a dangerous undertaking. [105] Unlike the masses of mountaineers and hikers in the Abruzzo base camp, there are usually at most two crews under the north ridge. This route, technically more difficult than Abruzzo, climbs a long, steep, mostly rocky ridge to the mountain — Camp IV, the „eagle`s nest” at 7,900 meters (25,900 feet) — then crosses a dangerously slippery suspended glacier through a climbing crossing on the left to reach a snow corridor that accesses the summit. [Citation needed] The first attempt to reach the summit was made in 1902 by an Anglo-Swiss expedition that climbed the northeast ridge of the summit to 18,600 feet (5,670 meters). Other unsuccessful attempts were an Italian expedition in 1909 led by Luigi Amedeo, Duke of Abruzzo, through the southeast ridge (later called the Abruzzo Ridge), which reached about 20,000 feet (6,100 meters). .